TEXTURE

There are 4 types of texture:

1. Actual – the surface and media, as well as the effect of techniques, such as assemblage, collage, frottage, fumage, grattage and many other techniques

2. Simulated – trompe l'oeil, the imitation of surface and media effects

3. Invented – textural patterns of lines, stippling or value areas

4. Crossover – combination of actual, invented or simulated textual images used together

Techniques:

1. Assemblage – In the early 1950s, Jean Dubuffet created a series of collages of butterfly wings, which he titled assemblages d'empreintes. William C Seitz described assemblages as being made up of preformed natural or manufactured materials, objects, or fragments not intended as art materials.

Artists: Tom Wesselman, Jim Dine, David Salle, Julian Schnabel

2. Collage – (from the French coller meaning "glue") is a term was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century, although the origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years. Adhere papers (created or found) to another surface.

Artists: Kurt Switters, Picasso, Romare Bearden, William Kentridge

3. Fumage – is a surrealist technique invented by Wolfgang Paalen in which impressions are made by the smoke of a candle on a piece of paper or canvas. It was later employed by Salvador Dali, who called it sfumato. Use soot from a burning candle to draw with or create textural surfaces. Artists: Fernand Leger

4. Frottage – (from French frotter, "to rub") is a surrealist and "automatic" method of creative production developed by Max Ernst. Use a pencil or other drawing tool to make a "rubbing" from a textured surface. Artists: Paul Klee

5. Grattage – Coat a rigid surface (heavy paper, matte board etc.) with white gesso, then cover with India ink or oil pastel. Use a sharp tool to scratch into the top surface. Artists: Gustav Moreau, Edvard Munch, Jean Dubuffet, Jim Dine

6. Oily prints – Use body oil, lipstick or other greasy materials that will allow the adhesion of pigment dusted onto a surface. Artist: Paul Klee

7. Transfer – Coat an image from a magazine, newspaper, or other printed media with solvent, position it face down on the drawing surface and then rub the back of the image with a spoon to transfer it to another surface. The image will be reversed.

Artis: Robert Rauschenberg

8. Resist – Use waxy media or frisket to prevent pigment from marking the surface. Artists: Henry Moore, Jasper Johns

9. Xerography – Use a fresh photocopy, apply solvent, position the image face down on the drawing surface and run through the press. The image will be reversed. The term derives from the Greek words xeros, meaning dry and graphos, meaning writing.

Artists: Robert Rauschenberg, David Hockney

10. Monoprint – Apply oil paint or printing inks onto a glass or plexiglas surface, lay paper on the top of the image and rub with a spoon or use a brayer to transfer the image. The image will be reversed. Artist: Matisse